0. 往期内容

[一]深度学习Pytorch-张量定义与张量创建

[二]深度学习Pytorch-张量的操作：拼接、切分、索引和变换

[三]深度学习Pytorch-张量数学运算

[四]深度学习Pytorch-线性回归

[五]深度学习Pytorch-计算图与动态图机制

[六]深度学习Pytorch-autograd与逻辑回归

[七]深度学习Pytorch-DataLoader与Dataset(含人民币二分类实战)

[八]深度学习Pytorch-图像预处理transforms

[九]深度学习Pytorch-transforms图像增强(剪裁、翻转、旋转)

[十]深度学习Pytorch-transforms图像操作及自定义方法

[十一]深度学习Pytorch-模型创建与nn.Module

[十二]深度学习Pytorch-模型容器与AlexNet构建

[十三]深度学习Pytorch-卷积层(1D/2D/3D卷积、卷积nn.Conv2d、转置卷积nn.ConvTranspose)

[十四]深度学习Pytorch-池化层、线性层、激活函数层

[十五]深度学习Pytorch-权值初始化

[十六]深度学习Pytorch-18种损失函数loss function

[十七]深度学习Pytorch-优化器Optimizer

[十八]深度学习Pytorch-学习率Learning Rate调整策略

[十九]深度学习Pytorch-可视化工具TensorBoard

[二十]深度学习Pytorch-Hook函数与CAM算法

[二十一]深度学习Pytorch-正则化Regularization之weight decay

[二十二]深度学习Pytorch-正则化Regularization之dropout

[二十三]深度学习Pytorch-批量归一化Batch Normalization

1. 批量正则化Batch Normalization定义

(1)BN可以解决ICS问题。
(2)ICS：深度神经网络涉及到很多层的叠加，而每一层的参数更新会导致上层的输入数据分布发生变化。通过层层叠加，高层的输入分布变化会非常剧烈，这就使得高层需要不断去重新适应底层的参数更新。为了训练好模型，我们需要非常谨慎地设定学习率、初始化权重以及尽可能细致的参数更新策略。

代码示例：
bn_and_initialize.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
# @file name  : bn_and_initialize.py
# @brief      : bn与权值初始化
"""
import torch
import numpy as np
import torch.nn as nn
from tools.common_tools import set_seed

set_seed(1)  # 设置随机种子


class MLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, neural_num, layers=100):
        super(MLP, self).__init__()
        self.linears = nn.ModuleList([nn.Linear(neural_num, neural_num, bias=False) for i in range(layers)])
        self.bns = nn.ModuleList([nn.BatchNorm1d(neural_num) for i in range(layers)])
        self.neural_num = neural_num

    def forward(self, x):

        for (i, linear), bn in zip(enumerate(self.linears), self.bns):
            x = linear(x)
            x = bn(x)
            x = torch.relu(x)

            if torch.isnan(x.std()):
                print("output is nan in {} layers".format(i))
                break

            print("layers:{}, std:{}".format(i, x.std().item()))

        return x

    def initialize(self):
        for m in self.modules():
            if isinstance(m, nn.Linear):

                # method 1
                # nn.init.normal_(m.weight.data, std=1)    # normal: mean=0, std=1

                # method 2 kaiming
                nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight.data) 


neural_nums = 256
layer_nums = 100
batch_size = 16

net = MLP(neural_nums, layer_nums)
net.initialize() #如果不执行初始化且无bn层会导致std不断变小，但是如果有bn层，即使不执行初始化，数据也保持在很好的尺度

inputs = torch.randn((batch_size, neural_nums))  # normal: mean=0, std=1

output = net(inputs)
print(output)

bn_application.py

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
"""
@file name  : bn_application.py
@brief      : nn.BatchNorm使用
"""
import os
import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.optim as optim
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriter
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from model.lenet import LeNet, LeNet_bn
from tools.my_dataset import RMBDataset
from tools.common_tools import set_seed


class LeNet_bn(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, classes):
        super(LeNet_bn, self).__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 6, 5)
        self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(num_features=6) #num_features设置为卷积层输出的特征数

        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5)
        self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(num_features=16)

        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 5 * 5, 120)
        self.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm1d(num_features=120)

        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, classes)

    def forward(self, x):
        out = self.conv1(x)
        out = self.bn1(out) #bn层需要在激活函数之前
        out = F.relu(out)

        out = F.max_pool2d(out, 2)

        out = self.conv2(out)
        out = self.bn2(out)
        out = F.relu(out)

        out = F.max_pool2d(out, 2)

        out = out.view(out.size(0), -1)

        out = self.fc1(out)
        out = self.bn3(out)
        out = F.relu(out)

        out = F.relu(self.fc2(out))
        out = self.fc3(out)
        return out

    def initialize_weights(self):
        for m in self.modules():
            if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
                nn.init.xavier_normal_(m.weight.data)
                if m.bias is not None:
                    m.bias.data.zero_()
            elif isinstance(m, nn.BatchNorm2d):
                m.weight.data.fill_(1)
                m.bias.data.zero_()
            elif isinstance(m, nn.Linear):
                nn.init.normal_(m.weight.data, 0, 1)
                m.bias.data.zero_()


set_seed(1)  # 设置随机种子
rmb_label = {"1": 0, "100": 1}

# 参数设置
MAX_EPOCH = 10
BATCH_SIZE = 16
LR = 0.01
log_interval = 10
val_interval = 1

# ============================ step 1/5 数据 ============================

split_dir = os.path.join("..", "..", "data", "rmb_split")
train_dir = os.path.join(split_dir, "train")
valid_dir = os.path.join(split_dir, "valid")

norm_mean = [0.485, 0.456, 0.406]
norm_std = [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]

train_transform = transforms.Compose([
    transforms.Resize((32, 32)),
    transforms.RandomCrop(32, padding=4),
    transforms.RandomGrayscale(p=0.8),
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    transforms.Normalize(norm_mean, norm_std),
])

valid_transform = transforms.Compose([
    transforms.Resize((32, 32)),
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    transforms.Normalize(norm_mean, norm_std),
])

# 构建MyDataset实例
train_data = RMBDataset(data_dir=train_dir, transform=train_transform)
valid_data = RMBDataset(data_dir=valid_dir, transform=valid_transform)

# 构建DataLoder
train_loader = DataLoader(dataset=train_data, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, shuffle=True)
valid_loader = DataLoader(dataset=valid_data, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)

# ============================ step 2/5 模型 ============================

net = LeNet_bn(classes=2) #loss不会有太大的跳动，bn限制了数据的尺度
# net = LeNet(classes=2) #loss会有大的跳动
#net.initialize_weights()

# ============================ step 3/5 损失函数 ============================
criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()                                                   # 选择损失函数

# ============================ step 4/5 优化器 ============================
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=LR, momentum=0.9)                        # 选择优化器
scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer, step_size=10, gamma=0.1)     # 设置学习率下降策略

# ============================ step 5/5 训练 ============================
train_curve = list()
valid_curve = list()

iter_count = 0
# 构建 SummaryWriter
writer = SummaryWriter(comment='test_your_comment', filename_suffix="_test_your_filename_suffix")

for epoch in range(MAX_EPOCH):

    loss_mean = 0.
    correct = 0.
    total = 0.

    net.train()
    for i, data in enumerate(train_loader):

        iter_count += 1

        # forward
        inputs, labels = data
        outputs = net(inputs)

        # backward
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        loss = criterion(outputs, labels)
        loss.backward()

        # update weights
        optimizer.step()

        # 统计分类情况
        _, predicted = torch.max(outputs.data, 1)
        total += labels.size(0)
        correct += (predicted == labels).squeeze().sum().numpy()

        # 打印训练信息
        loss_mean += loss.item()
        train_curve.append(loss.item())
        if (i+1) % log_interval == 0:
            loss_mean = loss_mean / log_interval
            print("Training:Epoch[{:0>3}/{:0>3}] Iteration[{:0>3}/{:0>3}] Loss: {:.4f} Acc:{:.2%}".format(
                epoch, MAX_EPOCH, i+1, len(train_loader), loss_mean, correct / total))
            loss_mean = 0.

        # 记录数据，保存于event file
        writer.add_scalars("Loss", {"Train": loss.item()}, iter_count)
        writer.add_scalars("Accuracy", {"Train": correct / total}, iter_count)

    scheduler.step()  # 更新学习率

    # validate the model
    if (epoch+1) % val_interval == 0:

        correct_val = 0.
        total_val = 0.
        loss_val = 0.
        net.eval()
        with torch.no_grad():
            for j, data in enumerate(valid_loader):
                inputs, labels = data
                outputs = net(inputs)
                loss = criterion(outputs, labels)

                _, predicted = torch.max(outputs.data, 1)
                total_val += labels.size(0)
                correct_val += (predicted == labels).squeeze().sum().numpy()

                loss_val += loss.item()

            valid_curve.append(loss.item())
            print("Valid:\t Epoch[{:0>3}/{:0>3}] Iteration[{:0>3}/{:0>3}] Loss: {:.4f} Acc:{:.2%}".format(
                epoch, MAX_EPOCH, j+1, len(valid_loader), loss_val, correct / total))

            # 记录数据，保存于event file
            writer.add_scalars("Loss", {"Valid": loss.item()}, iter_count)
            writer.add_scalars("Accuracy", {"Valid": correct / total}, iter_count)

train_x = range(len(train_curve))
train_y = train_curve

train_iters = len(train_loader)
valid_x = np.arange(1, len(valid_curve)+1) * train_iters*val_interval # 由于valid中记录的是epochloss，需要对记录点进行转换到iterations
valid_y = valid_curve

plt.plot(train_x, train_y, label='Train')
plt.plot(valid_x, valid_y, label='Valid')

plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.ylabel('loss value')
plt.xlabel('Iteration')
plt.show()

2. _BatchNorm

affine transform仿射变换。
训练状态需要重新估计mean/var，测试状态取当前统计量mean/var（固定）。

==By default, the elements ofγ are set to 1and the elements ofβ are set to 0. ==

==BN1d：3*5*1有时候1可以忽略掉就是3*5。==
代码示例：

# ======================================== nn.BatchNorm1d
# flag = 1
flag = 0
if flag:

    batch_size = 3
    num_features = 5
    momentum = 0.3

    features_shape = (1)

    feature_map = torch.ones(features_shape)                                                    # 1D
    feature_maps = torch.stack([feature_map*(i+1) for i in range(num_features)], dim=0)         # 2D
    feature_maps_bs = torch.stack([feature_maps for i in range(batch_size)], dim=0)             # 3D
    print("input data:\n{} shape is {}".format(feature_maps_bs, feature_maps_bs.shape))

    bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(num_features=num_features, momentum=momentum)

    running_mean, running_var = 0, 1

    for i in range(2):
        outputs = bn(feature_maps_bs)

        print("\niteration:{}, running mean: {} ".format(i, bn.running_mean)) #第一次迭代第一个特征的均值为0.3，是因为0+0.3*1=0.3，0是初始化的均值，1是图中的特征1.同理第一次迭代第二个特征的均值为0.6
        #第二次迭代第一个特征的均值为0.51，是因为（1-0.3）*0.3+0.3*1=0.51.同理第二次迭代第二个特征的均值为1.02，是因为（1-0.3）*0.6+0.3*2=1.02
        print("iteration:{}, running var:{} ".format(i, bn.running_var))

        mean_t, var_t = 2, 0 #第二个特征值为2，因此均值为2，方差为0

        running_mean = (1 - momentum) * running_mean + momentum * mean_t
        running_var = (1 - momentum) * running_var + momentum * var_t

        print("iteration:{}, 第二个特征的running mean: {} ".format(i, running_mean))
        print("iteration:{}, 第二个特征的running var:{}".format(i, running_var))

第一次迭代第一个特征的均值为0.3，是因为0+0.3*1=0.3，0是初始化的均值，1是图中的特征1.同理第一次迭代第二个特征的均值为0.6。

代码示例：

# ======================================== nn.BatchNorm2d
flag = 1
# flag = 0
if flag:

    batch_size = 3
    num_features = 6
    momentum = 0.3
    
    features_shape = (2, 2)

    feature_map = torch.ones(features_shape)                                                    # 2D
    feature_maps = torch.stack([feature_map*(i+1) for i in range(num_features)], dim=0)         # 3D
    feature_maps_bs = torch.stack([feature_maps for i in range(batch_size)], dim=0)             # 4D

    print("input data:\n{} shape is {}".format(feature_maps_bs, feature_maps_bs.shape))

    bn = nn.BatchNorm2d(num_features=num_features, momentum=momentum)

    running_mean, running_var = 0, 1

    for i in range(2):
        outputs = bn(feature_maps_bs)

        print("\niter:{}, running_mean.shape: {}".format(i, bn.running_mean.shape))
        print("iter:{}, running_var.shape: {}".format(i, bn.running_var.shape))

        print("iter:{}, weight.shape: {}".format(i, bn.weight.shape))
        print("iter:{}, bias.shape: {}".format(i, bn.bias.shape))

# ======================================== nn.BatchNorm3d
# flag = 1
flag = 0
if flag:

    batch_size = 3
    num_features = 4
    momentum = 0.3

    features_shape = (2, 2, 3)

    feature = torch.ones(features_shape)                                                # 3D
    feature_map = torch.stack([feature * (i + 1) for i in range(num_features)], dim=0)  # 4D
    feature_maps = torch.stack([feature_map for i in range(batch_size)], dim=0)         # 5D

    print("input data:\n{} shape is {}".format(feature_maps, feature_maps.shape))

    bn = nn.BatchNorm3d(num_features=num_features, momentum=momentum)

    running_mean, running_var = 0, 1

    for i in range(2):
        outputs = bn(feature_maps)

        print("\niter:{}, running_mean.shape: {}".format(i, bn.running_mean.shape))
        print("iter:{}, running_var.shape: {}".format(i, bn.running_var.shape))

        print("iter:{}, weight.shape: {}".format(i, bn.weight.shape))
        print("iter:{}, bias.shape: {}".format(i, bn.bias.shape))

mean和var中的shape和features的个数相同。

3. 完整代码

bn_and_initialize.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
# @file name  : bn_and_initialize.py
# @author     : TingsongYu https://github.com/TingsongYu
# @date       : 2019-11-01
# @brief      : bn于权值初始化
"""
import torch
import numpy as np
import torch.nn as nn
from tools.common_tools import set_seed



set_seed(1)  # 设置随机种子

# ======================================== nn.BatchNorm1d
# flag = 1
flag = 0
if flag:

    batch_size = 3
    num_features = 5
    momentum = 0.3

    features_shape = (1)

    feature_map = torch.ones(features_shape)                                                    # 1D
    feature_maps = torch.stack([feature_map*(i+1) for i in range(num_features)], dim=0)         # 2D
    feature_maps_bs = torch.stack([feature_maps for i in range(batch_size)], dim=0)             # 3D
    print("input data:\n{} shape is {}".format(feature_maps_bs, feature_maps_bs.shape))

    bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(num_features=num_features, momentum=momentum)

    running_mean, running_var = 0, 1

    for i in range(2):
        outputs = bn(feature_maps_bs)

        print("\niteration:{}, running mean: {} ".format(i, bn.running_mean)) #第一次迭代第一个特征的均值为0.3，是因为0+0.3*1=0.3，0是初始化的均值，1是图中的特征1.同理第一次迭代第二个特征的均值为0.6
        #第二次迭代第一个特征的均值为0.51，是因为（1-0.3）*0.3+0.3*1=0.51.同理第二次迭代第二个特征的均值为1.02，是因为（1-0.3）*0.6+0.3*2=1.02
        print("iteration:{}, running var:{} ".format(i, bn.running_var))

        mean_t, var_t = 2, 0 #第二个特征值为2，因此均值为2，方差为0

        running_mean = (1 - momentum) * running_mean + momentum * mean_t
        running_var = (1 - momentum) * running_var + momentum * var_t

        print("iteration:{}, 第二个特征的running mean: {} ".format(i, running_mean))
        print("iteration:{}, 第二个特征的running var:{}".format(i, running_var))


# ======================================== nn.BatchNorm2d
flag = 1
# flag = 0
if flag:

    batch_size = 3
    num_features = 6
    momentum = 0.3
    
    features_shape = (2, 2)

    feature_map = torch.ones(features_shape)                                                    # 2D
    feature_maps = torch.stack([feature_map*(i+1) for i in range(num_features)], dim=0)         # 3D
    feature_maps_bs = torch.stack([feature_maps for i in range(batch_size)], dim=0)             # 4D

    print("input data:\n{} shape is {}".format(feature_maps_bs, feature_maps_bs.shape))

    bn = nn.BatchNorm2d(num_features=num_features, momentum=momentum)

    running_mean, running_var = 0, 1

    for i in range(2):
        outputs = bn(feature_maps_bs)

        print("\niter:{}, running_mean.shape: {}".format(i, bn.running_mean.shape))
        print("iter:{}, running_var.shape: {}".format(i, bn.running_var.shape))

        print("iter:{}, weight.shape: {}".format(i, bn.weight.shape))
        print("iter:{}, bias.shape: {}".format(i, bn.bias.shape))

# ======================================== nn.BatchNorm3d
# flag = 1
flag = 0
if flag:

    batch_size = 3
    num_features = 4
    momentum = 0.3

    features_shape = (2, 2, 3)

    feature = torch.ones(features_shape)                                                # 3D
    feature_map = torch.stack([feature * (i + 1) for i in range(num_features)], dim=0)  # 4D
    feature_maps = torch.stack([feature_map for i in range(batch_size)], dim=0)         # 5D

    print("input data:\n{} shape is {}".format(feature_maps, feature_maps.shape))

    bn = nn.BatchNorm3d(num_features=num_features, momentum=momentum)

    running_mean, running_var = 0, 1

    for i in range(2):
        outputs = bn(feature_maps)

        print("\niter:{}, running_mean.shape: {}".format(i, bn.running_mean.shape))
        print("iter:{}, running_var.shape: {}".format(i, bn.running_var.shape))

        print("iter:{}, weight.shape: {}".format(i, bn.weight.shape))
        print("iter:{}, bias.shape: {}".format(i, bn.bias.shape))