先说总结
os.system：获取程序执行命令的返回值。
os.popen： 获取程序执行命令的输出结果。
commands：获取返回值和命令的输出结果。
1 os.system()
这个方法是直接调用标准C的system() 函数，仅仅在一个子终端运行系统命令，而不能获取命令执行后的返回信息，但是会在python终端中打印输出。
os.system(cmd)的返回值。os.system(cmd)的返回值只会有0(成功),1,2。
如果执行成功，那么会返回0，表示命令执行成功。否则，则是执行错误。
脚本退出码
参考：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36380748/article/details/106787911
可以自己设定 sh 脚本，在脚本中插入返回码，这样就不会返回 0 了，而是返回码。
#!/bin/bash
echo "hello world!"
exit 1
我们使用os.system()执行脚本：
>>> import os
>>> cmd='./test.sh'
>>> mm=os.system(cmd)
hello world!
>>> print (mm)
256
可以看到shell脚本执行完成后，返回的值是256，但是跟我们实际想要的值不一样：
os.system的返回值并不是执行程序的返回结果。而是一个16位的数，它的高位才是返回码。也就是说os.system()返回256即 0×0100，返回码应该是其高位0×01即1。
使用os.system返回值是脚本的退出状态码，该方法在调用完shell脚本后，返回一个16位的二进制数，低位为杀死所调用脚本的信号号码，高位为脚本的退出状态码。
os.system()返回值为0 linux命令返回值也为0。一般来说，返回 0 表示运行成功。
os.system()返回值为256，十六位二进制数示为：00000001，00000000，高八位转成十进制为 1 对应 linux命令返回值 1。
os.system()返回值为512，十六位二进制数示为：00000010，00000000，高八位转成十进制为 2 对应 linux命令返回值 2。
2 os.popen()
os.popen()方法不仅执行命令而且返回执行后的信息对象(常用于需要获取执行命令后的返回信息)，是通过一个管道文件将结果返回。通过 os.popen() 返回的是 file read 的对象，对其进行读取 read() 的操作可以看到执行的输出。
os.popen(cmd)会把执行的cmd的输出作为值返回。
import os
result = os.popen('cat /etc/passwd')
print(result.read())
对比不同
def ping2(host, n):
cmd = "ping {} {} {}".format(
"-n" if sys.platform.lower() == "win32" else "-c",
n,
host,
)
return cmd, os.system(cmd)
def ping3(host, n):
cmd = "ping {} {} {}".format(
"-n" if sys.platform.lower() == "win32" else "-c",
n,
host,
)
return cmd, os.popen(cmd)
探究 ping3 输出的那个到底是啥：
3 commands 模块
import commands
status = commands.getstatus('cat /etc/passwd')
print(status)
output = commands.getoutput('cat /etc/passwd')
print(output)
(status, output) = commands.getstatusoutput('cat /etc/passwd')
print(status, output)
os.system() 返回结果大全
code 0 : succcessful
"OS error code 1: Operation not permitted"
"OS error code 2: No such file or directory"
"OS error code 3: No such process"
"OS error code 4: Interrupted system call"
"OS error code 5: Input/output error"
"OS error code 6: No such device or address"
"OS error code 7: Argument list too long"
"OS error code 8: Exec format error"
"OS error code 9: Bad file descriptor"
"OS error code 10: No child processes"
"OS error code 11: Resource temporarily unavailable"
"OS error code 12: Cannot allocate memory"
"OS error code 13: Permission denied"
"OS error code 14: Bad address"
"OS error code 15: Block device required"
"OS error code 16: Device or resource busy"
"OS error code 17: File exists"
"OS error code 18: Invalid cross-device link"
"OS error code 19: No such device"
"OS error code 20: Not a directory"
"OS error code 21: Is a directory"
"OS error code 22: Invalid argument"
"OS error code 23: Too many open files in system"
"OS error code 24: Too many open files"
"OS error code 25: Inappropriate ioctl for device"
"OS error code 26: Text file busy"
"OS error code 27: File too large"
"OS error code 28: No space left on device"
"OS error code 29: Illegal seek"
"OS error code 30: Read-only file system"
"OS error code 31: Too many links"
"OS error code 32: Broken pipe"
"OS error code 33: Numerical argument out of domain"
"OS error code 34: Numerical result out of range"
"OS error code 35: Resource deadlock avoided"
"OS error code 36: File name too long"
"OS error code 37: No locks available"
"OS error code 38: Function not implemented"
"OS error code 39: Directory not empty"
"OS error code 40: Too many levels of symbolic links"
"OS error code 42: No message of desired type"
"OS error code 43: Identifier removed"
"OS error code 44: Channel number out of range"
"OS error code 45: Level 2 not synchronized"
"OS error code 46: Level 3 halted"
"OS error code 47: Level 3 reset"
"OS error code 48: Link number out of range"
"OS error code 49: Protocol driver not attached"
"OS error code 50: No CSI structure available"
"OS error code 51: Level 2 halted"
"OS error code 52: Invalid exchange"
"OS error code 53: Invalid request descriptor"
"OS error code 54: Exchange full"
"OS error code 55: No anode"
"OS error code 56: Invalid request code"
"OS error code 57: Invalid slot"
"OS error code 59: Bad font file format"
"OS error code 60: Device not a stream"
"OS error code 61: No data available"
"OS error code 62: Timer expired"
"OS error code 63: Out of streams resources"
"OS error code 64: Machine is not on the network"
"OS error code 65: Package not installed"
"OS error code 66: Object is remote"
"OS error code 67: Link has been severed"
"OS error code 68: Advertise error"
"OS error code 69: Srmount error"
"OS error code 70: Communication error on send"
"OS error code 71: Protocol error"
"OS error code 72: Multihop attempted"
"OS error code 73: RFS specific error"
"OS error code 74: Bad message"
"OS error code 75: Value too large for defined data type"
"OS error code 76: Name not unique on network"
"OS error code 77: File descriptor in bad state"
"OS error code 78: Remote address changed"
"OS error code 79: Can not access a needed shared library"
"OS error code 80: Accessing a corrupted shared library"
"OS error code 81: .lib section in a.out corrupted"
"OS error code 82: Attempting to link in too many shared libraries"
"OS error code 83: Cannot exec a shared library directly"
"OS error code 84: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character"
"OS error code 85: Interrupted system call should be restarted"
"OS error code 86: Streams pipe error"
"OS error code 87: Too many users"
"OS error code 88: Socket operation on non-socket"
"OS error code 89: Destination address required"
"OS error code 90: Message too long"
"OS error code 91: Protocol wrong type for socket"
"OS error code 92: Protocol not available"
"OS error code 93: Protocol not supported"
"OS error code 94: Socket type not supported"
"OS error code 95: Operation not supported"
"OS error code 96: Protocol family not supported"
"OS error code 97: Address family not supported by protocol"
"OS error code 98: Address already in use"
"OS error code 99: Cannot assign requested address"
"OS error code 100: Network is down"
"OS error code 101: Network is unreachable"
"OS error code 102: Network dropped connection on reset"
"OS error code 103: Software caused connection abort"
"OS error code 104: Connection reset by peer"
"OS error code 105: No buffer space available"
"OS error code 106: Transport endpoint is already connected"
"OS error code 107: Transport endpoint is not connected"
"OS error code 108: Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown"
"OS error code 109: Too many references: cannot splice"
"OS error code 110: Connection timed out"
"OS error code 111: Connection refused"
"OS error code 112: Host is down"
"OS error code 113: No route to host"
"OS error code 114: Operation already in progress"
"OS error code 115: Operation now in progress"
"OS error code 116: Stale NFS file handle"
"OS error code 117: Structure needs cleaning"
"OS error code 118: Not a XENIX named type file"
"OS error code 119: No XENIX semaphores available"
"OS error code 120: Is a named type file"
"OS error code 121: Remote I/O error"
"OS error code 122: Disk quota exceeded"
"OS error code 123: No medium found"
"OS error code 124: Wrong medium type"
"OS error code 125: Operation canceled"
"OS error code 126: Required key not available"
"OS error code 127: Key has expired"
"OS error code 128: Key has been revoked"
"OS error code 129: Key was rejected by service"
"OS error code 130: Owner died"
"OS error code 131: State not recoverable"
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